Introduction:

To have the complete understanding about what is needed to achieve the best cleaning, it is needed to know a basic knowledge of and detergent chemistry.
Water, the liquid which is commonly used for cleaning, has a property that called surface tension. In water, each molecule is get surrounded by other molecules. However, at the surface of it , those molecules are surrounded by other water molecules only on the water side. An important point is created as the water molecules at the surface are pulled into the body of the water. This tension force water to bead up on so many surfaces such az glass . when water is spilled on the surface like glass.The drop will hold its shape and will not spread. in the process of cleaning water must get can get spread and water tension must get reduced .Chemical materials which are able to do this in the efficient way are surface active agents, or we called them surfactant. They are said to force water "wetter." Surfactant perform so many other important thing in the process of claning , like loosening, emulsifying (dispersing in water) and holding soil in suspension till it get rinsed away.
We classify all of the Surfactants by their ionic(electrical charges) properties in water: anionic (negative charge), nonionic (no charge), cationic (positive charge) and amphoteric (either positive or negative charge). all of the soaps has an anionic surfactant. . Now we want to look closer at the chemistry of surfactants.