Introduction:

To have the complete understanding about what is needed to achieve the best cleaning, it is needed to know a basic knowledge of and detergent chemistry.
Water, the liquid which is commonly used for cleaning, has a property that called surface tension. In water, each molecule is get surrounded by other molecules. However, at the surface of it , those molecules are surrounded by other water molecules only on the water side. An important point is created as the water molecules at the surface are pulled into the body of the water. This tension force water to bead up on so many surfaces such az glass . when water is spilled on the surface like glass.The drop will hold its shape and will not spread. in the process of cleaning water must get can get spread and water tension must get reduced .Chemical materials which are able to do this in the efficient way are surface active agents, or we called them surfactant. They are said to force water "wetter." Surfactant perform so many other important thing in the process of claning , like loosening, emulsifying (dispersing in water) and holding soil in suspension till it get rinsed away.
We classify all of the Surfactants by their ionic(electrical charges) properties in water: anionic (negative charge), nonionic (no charge), cationic (positive charge) and amphoteric (either positive or negative charge). all of the soaps has an anionic surfactant. . Now we want to look closer at the chemistry of surfactants.

Explaining about some detergents:
SOAPS

Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps,made of the fat and other oils .
First let's examine the composition of fats, oils and alkalis; then we'll review the process of makin soap.Fats and Oils all of the the fats and oils used in soap making have the animal or plant sources. Each fat or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. In a triglyceride ,three fatty acid molecules get attached to the one molecule of glycerine. There are many types of triglycerides; each type consists of on the combination of fatty acids to the glycerine. Fatty acids are the components of fats and oils that we use them to make all kinds of the soaps . They are composed of two parts: A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two oxygen (O) atoms, and one carbon (C) atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long straight chain of carbon (C) atoms each carrying two hydrogen (H) atoms.

all kinds of Soap mostly made from animal fats and vegetable oils, mixed with a caustic chemical which we call it sodium hydroxide (also known as lye). The sodium hydroxide reacts with the oil to make soap. Most kind of detergent made from synthetic compounds .Saponification of fats and oils is widely used soapmaking process. This method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap) plus glycerine.
The other major soapmaking process is the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali. Fats and oils are hydrolyzed (split) with a high-pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap).